Malinga ndi njira yokonzekera zitsanzo za zida zamakina, zida zamakina zimagawidwa m'magulu 11: ma lathes, makina obowola, makina otopetsa, makina opera, makina opangira zida, makina opangira ulusi, makina opangira mphero, makina opangira ma planer, makina opukutira, makina ocheka ndi zina. zida zamakina.Mu mtundu uliwonse wa zida zamakina, zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira, mtundu wa masanjidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndipo gulu lililonse limagawidwa m'magulu angapo.Lero, mkonzi adzalankhula nanu za mbiri yakale ya lathes, makina otopetsa ndi makina ophera.
1. Lati
Lathe ndi chida cha makina chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito chida chotembenuza kuti chitembenuzire chozungulira.Pa lathe, zobowolera, reamers, reamers, matepi, kufa ndi knurling zida zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pokonza lolingana.Lathes amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma shafts, ma disc, manja ndi zida zina zokhala ndi malo ozungulira, ndipo ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zamakina pamakina opangira ndi kukonza masitolo.
1. “Nyengo ya uta” wa zipilala zakale ndi ndodo za uta.Kale ku Egypt wakale, anthu adapanga ukadaulo wotembenuza matabwa ndi chida kwinaku akuzungulira mozungulira pakati.Poyamba, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito zipika ziwiri zoimirira monga zochirikizira kuyika matabwa oti atembenuzire, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zotanuka za nthambizo kugubuduza chingwe pamtengo, kukoka chingwe ndi dzanja kapena phazi kuti atembenuze nkhuni, ndi kugwira mpeni. kudula.
Njira yakale imeneyi yasintha pang’onopang’ono n’kukhala mizere iwiri kapena itatu ya chingwe pa kapu, chingwecho chimamangidwira pandodo yotanuka yopindidwa ngati uta, ndipo utawo umakankhidwa ndi kukokeredwa chammbuyo ndi mtsogolo kuti uzungulire chinthucho. kutembenuka, komwe ndi "bow lathe".
2. Medieval crankshaft ndi flywheel drive "pedal lathe".M’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, munthu wina anapanga “pedal lathe” yomwe inkagwiritsa ntchito chonyamulira pozungulira ntchentche n’kuyendetsa gudumu la ntchentche, kenako n’kuliyendetsa mpaka kuchipiko chachikulu kuti chizungulire.Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1500, katswiri wina wa ku France, dzina lake Besson, anapanga kachipangizo kokhotakhota kozungulira kokhala ndi ndodo kuti chipangizocho chizitha kutsetsereka.Tsoka ilo, latheli silinatchulidwe.
3. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, mabokosi a pambali pa bedi ndi chucks anabadwa.M’zaka za m’ma 1800, munthu wina anapanga lathe yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chopondapo ndi ndodo yolumikizira kuti izungulire crankshaft, yomwe imatha kusunga mphamvu yozungulira ya kinetic pa flywheel, ndipo idapangidwa kuchokera kuzungulira chogwiriracho kupita kumutu wozungulira, womwe ndi Chuck chogwirira ntchito.
4. Mu 1797, Mngelezi dzina lake Maudsley anapanga makina opangira zinthu zakale kwambiri, omwe amakhala ndi wononga zotsogola bwino komanso magiya osinthika.
Maudsley anabadwa mu 1771, ndipo ali ndi zaka 18, anali kudzanja lamanja la woyambitsa Brammer.Akuti Brammer wakhala ali mlimi nthawi zonse, ndipo pamene anali ndi zaka 16, ngozi inachititsa kuti bondo lake lakumanja liwonongeke, choncho anayenera kusintha ntchito yamatabwa, yomwe siinali yoyenda kwambiri.Kutulukira kwake koyamba kunali chimbudzi chamadzi mu 1778. Maudsley anayamba kuthandiza Brahmer kupanga makina osindikizira a hydraulic ndi makina ena mpaka atachoka ku Brahmer ali ndi zaka 26, chifukwa Brahmer anakana mwamwano pempho la Moritz lopempha kuti malipiro awonjezeke kuposa mashillingi 30 pa sabata.
M'chaka chomwechi Maudsley adachoka ku Brammer, adamanga ulusi wake woyamba, chingwe chazitsulo zonse chokhala ndi chogwiritsira ntchito komanso tailstock yomwe imatha kuyenda motsatira njanji ziwiri zofanana.Malo owongolera a njanji yowongolera amakhala ndi katatu, ndipo spindle ikazungulira, zomangira zotsogola zimayendetsedwa kuti zisunthire chogwirizira chapakati.Iyi ndiye njira yayikulu yamapangidwe amakono, omwe zomangira zachitsulo zolondola za phula lililonse zimatha kutembenuzika.
Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, Maudsley adamanga lathe yokwanira mumsonkhano wake womwe, ndi magiya osinthika omwe amasintha kuchuluka kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa ulusi womwe umapangidwa.Mu 1817, Mngelezi wina, Roberts, adagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira masitepe anayi ndi gudumu lakumbuyo kuti asinthe liwiro la spindle.Posakhalitsa, ma lathe akuluakulu adayambitsidwa, zomwe zinathandizira kupangidwa kwa injini ya nthunzi ndi makina ena.
5. Kubadwa kwa ma lathe apadera osiyanasiyana Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso la makina ndi makina, Fitch ku United States anapanga lathe la turret mu 1845;mu 1848, ku United States kunali lathe la magudumu;mu 1873, Spencer mu United States anapanga shaft imodzi Automatic lathes, ndipo posakhalitsa anapanga lathes atatu olamulira;Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kunawoneka ma lathes okhala ndi zida zoyendetsedwa ndi ma mota osiyana.Chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa zitsulo zothamanga kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma motors amagetsi, lathes akhala akuwongolera mosalekeza ndipo potsirizira pake anafika pamlingo wamakono wothamanga kwambiri komanso wolondola kwambiri.
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse itatha, chifukwa cha zosowa zamafakitale a zida, magalimoto ndi makina ena, ma lathes osiyanasiyana odziwikiratu komanso ma lathe apadera adapangidwa mwachangu.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo zokolola zamagulu ang'onoang'ono a ntchito, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, ma lathe okhala ndi ma hydraulic profiling adalimbikitsidwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zida zambiri zidapangidwanso.Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950, zida zoyendetsedwa ndi pulogalamu zokhala ndi nkhonya makadi, ma latch plates ndi dials zidapangidwa.Ukadaulo wa CNC unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu lathes m'ma 1960 ndipo idakula mwachangu pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1970.
6. Lathes amagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi ntchito ndi ntchito zawo.
Lathe wamba ali ndi zinthu zambiri zopangira zinthu, ndipo kusintha kwa liwiro la spindle ndi chakudya ndi chachikulu, ndipo kumatha kukonza mawonekedwe amkati ndi akunja, nkhope zomaliza ndi ulusi wamkati ndi kunja kwa workpiece.Mtundu uwu wa lathe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja ndi ogwira ntchito, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zopangira, ndipo ndi oyenera kugwiritsira ntchito chidutswa chimodzi, kupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi kukonza zokambirana.
Turret lathes ndi rotary lathes ali ndi turret tool rests kapena rotary tool rest omwe amatha kukhala ndi zida zingapo, ndipo ogwira ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana kuti amalize njira zosiyanasiyana pakumangirira kumodzi kwa workpiece, komwe kuli koyenera kupanga zambiri.
The lathe basi akhoza basi kumaliza Mipikisano ndondomeko processing ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe workpieces malinga ndi pulogalamu inayake, akhoza kunyamula ndi kutsitsa zipangizo, ndi kukonza mtanda wa workpieces yemweyo mobwerezabwereza, amene ali oyenera kupanga misa.
Mipikisano zida theka-zodziwikiratu lathes amagawidwa mu umodzi-olamulira, Mipikisano olamulira, yopingasa ndi ofukula.Maonekedwe a mtundu wopingasa wa single-axis ndi wofanana ndi lathe wamba, koma zida ziwirizo zimayikidwa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kapena mmwamba ndi pansi pa shaft yayikulu, motsatana, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ma disc. mphete ndi ma shaft workpieces, ndipo zokolola zawo ndi 3 mpaka 5 nthawi zambiri kuposa za lathes wamba.
The profiling lathe akhoza basi kumaliza Machining mkombero wa workpiece potengera mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa template kapena chitsanzo.Ndiwoyenera kupanga magulu ang'onoang'ono ndi ma batch a zogwirira ntchito zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, ndipo zokolola zake ndi 10 mpaka 15 kuposa za lathes wamba.Pali zida zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, multi-axis, chuck type, vertical type ndi mitundu ina.
Spindle ya vertical lathe ndi perpendicular kwa ndege yopingasa, chogwirira ntchito chimangiriridwa patebulo lozungulira lopingasa, ndipo chotsaliracho chimasuntha pamtengo kapena ndime.Ndizoyenera pokonza zida zazikulu, zolemetsa zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuziyika pa lathes wamba.Nthawi zambiri, amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mzere umodzi ndi magawo awiri.
Pamene fosholo dzino lathe likutembenuka, chofukizira chida nthawi reciprocates mu njira radial, amene ntchito popanga mano pamwamba odula forklift mphero, hob cutters, etc. Kawirikawiri ndi mpumulo akupera ubwenzi, yaing'ono gudumu akupera yoyendetsedwa ndi osiyana. galimoto yamagetsi relieves dzino pamwamba.
Ma lathe apadera ndi ma lathe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina apadera amitundu ina yazinthu zogwirira ntchito, monga ma crankshaft lathes, camshaft lathes, wheel lathes, axle lathes, roll lathes, ndi ingot lathes.
Lathe yophatikizika imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka potembenuza, koma mutatha kuwonjezera zigawo zina zapadera ndi zowonjezera, imathanso kuchita zotopetsa, mphero, kubowola, kuyika, kugaya ndi zina.Ili ndi mawonekedwe a "makina amodzi omwe ali ndi ntchito zingapo" ndipo ndi yoyenera pamagalimoto aumisiri, zombo kapena mafoni Kukonza ntchito pamalo okonzera.
2. Makina otopetsa
Ngakhale makampani ogwirira ntchito ndi obwerera m'mbuyo, aphunzitsa ndi kupanga amisiri ambiri.Ngakhale kuti sali akatswiri pakupanga makina, amatha kupanga mitundu yonse ya zida zamanja, monga mipeni, macheka, singano, zoboolera, ma cones, grinders, shafts, manja, magiya, mafelemu a bedi, ndi zina zotero, kwenikweni, makina amasonkhanitsidwa. kuchokera ku zigawo izi.
1. Wopanga wakale kwambiri wa makina otopetsa - Da Vinci wotopetsa makina amadziwika kuti "Amayi a Makina".Ponena za makina otopetsa, tiyenera kulankhula za Leonardo da Vinci poyamba.Munthu wodziwika bwino ameneyu ayenera kuti ndi amene anakonza makina akale otopetsa kwambiri osula zitsulo.Makina otopetsa omwe adapanga amayendetsedwa ndi hydraulic kapena phazi chopondapo, chida chotopetsa chimazungulira pafupi ndi chogwirira ntchito, ndipo chogwirira ntchito chimakhazikika patebulo lamafoni loyendetsedwa ndi crane.Mu 1540, wojambula wina anajambula chithunzi cha "Pyrotechnics" ndi chojambula chofanana cha makina otopetsa, omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza zojambula zopanda kanthu panthawiyo.
2. Makina oyamba otopetsa omwe adabadwa kuti akonze migolo ya mizinga (Wilkinson, 1775).M'zaka za zana la 17, chifukwa cha zofunikira zankhondo, chitukuko cha kupanga mizinga chinali chofulumira kwambiri, ndipo momwe angapangire mbiya ya mizinga inakhala vuto lalikulu lomwe anthu anafunikira kuthetsa mwamsanga.
Makina oyamba otopetsa padziko lapansi adapangidwa ndi Wilkinson mu 1775. Ndipotu, makina otopetsa a Wilkinson ndi, kunena ndendende, makina obowola omwe amatha kupanga mifuti, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chobowola chokwera pama bere mbali zonse ziwiri.
Wobadwira ku America mu 1728, Wilkinson anasamukira ku Staffordshire ali ndi zaka 20 kuti amange ng'anjo yachitsulo yoyamba ya Bilston.Pachifukwa ichi, Wilkinson amatchedwa "Master Blacksmith of Staffordshire".Mu 1775, ali ndi zaka 47, Wilkinson anagwira ntchito molimbika pafakitale ya abambo ake kuti apange makina atsopanowa omwe amatha kuboola migolo ya mizinga mosavutikira.Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, Wilkinson atamwalira mu 1808, anaikidwa m’bokosi lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi iye mwini.
3. Makina otopetsa adathandizira kwambiri injini ya nthunzi ya Watt.Chiwombankhanga choyamba cha Industrial Revolution sichikanatheka popanda injini ya nthunzi.Pachitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito injini ya nthunzi palokha, kuwonjezera pa mwayi wofunikira wapagulu, zofunikira zina zaukadaulo sizinganyalanyazidwe, chifukwa kupanga magawo a injini ya nthunzi sikophweka ngati kudula nkhuni ndi kalipentala.Ndikofunikira kupanga mawonekedwe apadera azitsulo zachitsulo, ndipo zofunikira zolondola pakukonza ndizokwera, zomwe sizingachitike popanda zida zaukadaulo zofananira.Mwachitsanzo, popanga silinda ndi pisitoni ya injini ya nthunzi, kulondola kwa m'mimba mwake komwe kumafunikira popanga pisitoni kumatha kudulidwa kuchokera kunja ndikuyesa kukula kwake, koma kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamkati. m'mimba mwake ya silinda, si kophweka ntchito ambiri processing njira..
Smithton anali makaniko abwino kwambiri azaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.Smithton adapanga zida zokwana 43 zamadzi ndi makina opangira mphepo.Pankhani yopanga injini ya nthunzi, chinthu chovuta kwambiri kwa Smithon chinali kukonza silinda.Ndizovuta kupanga bwalo lamkati lalikulu la silinda kukhala bwalo.Kuti izi zitheke, Smithton adapanga chida chapadera cha makina odulira ma cylinder mkati mwa Cullen Iron Works.Makina otopetsa amtunduwu, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi gudumu lamadzi, amakhala ndi chida chakutsogolo kwa olamulira ake aatali, ndipo chidacho chimatha kuzunguliridwa mu silinda kuti ikonze bwalo lake lamkati.Popeza chidacho chimayikidwa kutsogolo kwa shaft yaitali, padzakhala mavuto monga kupotoza kwa shaft, kotero zimakhala zovuta kwambiri makina ozungulira cylinder.Kuti izi zitheke, Smithton anayenera kusintha malo a silinda kangapo kwa Machining.
Makina otopetsa omwe adapangidwa ndi Wilkinson mu 1774 adathandizira kwambiri vutoli.Makina otopetsa amtunduwu amagwiritsa ntchito gudumu lamadzi kutembenuza silinda yazinthu ndikukankhira ku chida chokhazikika chapakati.Chifukwa cha kusuntha kwapakati pakati pa chida ndi zinthuzo, zinthuzo zimabowoleredwa mu dzenje la cylindrical ndi mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.Panthawiyo, makina otopetsa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga silinda yokhala ndi mainchesi 72 mkati mwa makulidwe a ndalama za sikisipence.Kuyesedwa ndi luso lamakono, ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu, koma pansi pa mikhalidwe panthawiyo, sikunali kophweka kufika pamlingo uwu.
Komabe, zomwe Wilkinson anatulukira sizinali zovomerezeka, ndipo anthu anazikopera ndikuziyika.Mu 1802, Watt adalembanso za zomwe Wilkinson adapanga, zomwe adakopera pazojambula zake zachitsulo za Soho.Pambuyo pake, Watt atapanga masilinda ndi ma pistoni a injini ya nthunzi, adagwiritsanso ntchito makina odabwitsa a Wilkinson.Zinapezeka kuti pisitoni ndi zotheka kuyeza kukula kwake pamene mukuidula, koma sikophweka kwa silinda, ndipo makina otopetsa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Panthawiyo, Watt ankagwiritsa ntchito gudumu lamadzi kuti azungulire silinda yachitsulo, kotero kuti chida chokhazikika chapakati chinakankhidwira kutsogolo kuti adule mkati mwa silinda.Zotsatira zake, cholakwika cha silinda yokhala ndi mainchesi 75 chinali chocheperako kuposa makulidwe a ndalama.Zapita patsogolo kwambiri.
4. Kubadwa kwa makina otopetsa okweza matebulo (Hutton, 1885) M'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, kusintha kwakukulu kwapangidwa ku makina otopetsa a Wilkinson.Mu 1885, Hutton ku United Kingdom anapanga makina onyamulira tebulo, omwe akhala chitsanzo cha makina amakono otopetsa.
3. Makina ophera
M’zaka za m’ma 1800, anthu a ku Britain anatulukira makina otopetsa ndi mapulaneti a zinthu zofunika pa kusintha kwa mafakitale monga injini ya nthunzi, pamene anthu a ku America ankaganizira kwambiri za kupanga makina opangira mphero kuti apange zida zambiri.Makina opangira mphero ndi makina okhala ndi odulira mphero amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe amatha kudula zida zokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, monga ma helical grooves, mawonekedwe amagetsi, ndi zina zambiri.
Kale mu 1664, wasayansi waku Britain Hook adapanga makina odulira podalira ocheka ozungulira.Izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati makina oyambirira a mphero, koma panthawiyo anthu sanayankhe mwachidwi.M'zaka za m'ma 1840, Pratt adapanga makina otchedwa Lincoln mphero.Zachidziwikire, yemwe adakhazikitsadi makina amphero pakupanga makina anali American Whitney.
1. Makina oyamba amphero wamba (Whitney, 1818) Mu 1818, Whitney adapanga makina oyamba wamba padziko lonse lapansi, koma chilolezo cha makina ampherowo chinali British Bodmer (ndi chida chodyera).Woyambitsa gantry planer) "anapeza" mu 1839. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa makina ophera, panalibe anthu ambiri omwe anali ndi chidwi panthawiyo.
2. Makina oyamba ogaya padziko lonse lapansi (Brown, 1862) Patapita nthawi yachete, makina opherayo anayambanso kugwira ntchito ku United States.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Whitney ndi Pratt tinganene kuti anayala maziko a kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira mphero, ndipo ngongole yopangira makina opangira mphero omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zosiyanasiyana mu fakitale ayenera kukhala ndi injiniya waku America. Joseph Brown.
Mu 1862, a Brown ku United States anapanga makina oyambirira a mphero padziko lonse lapansi.Gome la makina onse mphero akhoza atembenuza ngodya ina mu njira yopingasa, ndipo ali ndi zipangizo monga mapeto mphero mutu.“Makina ake a mphero” anali opambana kwambiri pamene anasonyezedwa pa Chiwonetsero cha Paris mu 1867. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Brown anapanganso chodulira chooneka ngati mphero chimene sichidzapunduka pambuyo popera, ndiyeno anapanga makina opera mphero. wodula, kubweretsa makina mphero pa mlingo panopa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-02-2022