Malinga ndi njira yopangira zitsanzo za zida zamakina, zida zamakina zimagawidwa m'magulu 11: ma lathes, makina obowola, makina otopetsa, makina opera, makina opangira zida, makina opangira ulusi, makina opangira mphero, makina opangira ma planer, makina opukutira, makina ocheka ndi zina. zida zamakina.Mu mtundu uliwonse wa zida zamakina, zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo malinga ndi momwe zimakhalira, mtundu wa masanjidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito, ndipo gulu lililonse limagawidwa m'magulu angapo.Koma kodi ufa wagolide ukudziwa mbiri yachitukuko cha zida zamakinazi?Lero, mkonzi adzalankhula nanu za mbiri yakale ya okonza mapulani, opera, ndi makina osindikizira.
1. Wokonza mapulani
Pokonzekera, zinthu zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonjezera komanso zotsekedwa: kuti apange injini ya nthunzi, chithandizo cha makina otopetsa chimafunika;pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa injini ya nthunzi, gantry planer imayitanidwa kachiwiri malinga ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko.Zinganenedwe kuti kunali kupangidwa kwa injini ya nthunzi yomwe inatsogolera kupanga ndi chitukuko cha "makina ogwira ntchito" kuchokera ku makina otopetsa ndi lathes kupita ku gantry planers.Ndipotu, woyendetsa ndege ndi "ndege" yomwe imakonza zitsulo.
1. Gantry planer pokonza ndege zazikulu (1839) Chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa ndege yokonza mipando ya valve injini ya nthunzi, akatswiri ambiri anayamba kuphunzira mbali iyi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, kuphatikizapo Richard Robert, Richard Pula Special, James Fox ndi Joseph Clement, etc., iwo anayamba mu 1814 ndipo paokha anapanga gantry planer mkati 25 zaka.Gantry planer iyi ndi kukonza chinthu chokonzedwa pa nsanja yobwereza, ndipo wokonzayo amadula mbali imodzi ya chinthu chokonzedwa.Komabe, ndegeyi ilibe chipangizo chodyera mpeni, ndipo ikusintha kuchoka ku "chida" kukhala "makina".Mu 1839, bambo wina wa ku Britain dzina lake Bodmer pomalizira pake adapanga ndege yokhala ndi chipangizo chodyera mpeni.
2. Planner yokonza mbali Mngelezi wina, Neismith, anapanga ndi kupanga planer yokonza mbali mkati mwa zaka 40 kuchokera mu 1831. Ikhoza kukonza chinthu chokonzedwa pabedi, ndipo chida chimasuntha chammbuyo ndi mtsogolo.
Kuyambira pamenepo, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zida ndi zikamera wa Motors magetsi, planers gantry apanga njira yodula-liwiro ndi mkulu mwatsatanetsatane mbali imodzi, ndi mbali ya chitukuko chachikulu mbali inayo.
2. Chopukusira
Kupera ndi njira yakale yodziwika kwa anthu kuyambira kale.Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito pogaya zida zamwala muzaka za Paleolithic.Pambuyo pake, pogwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zachitsulo, chitukuko cha luso lakupera chinalimbikitsidwa.Komabe, mapangidwe a makina enieni opera akadali chinthu chaposachedwa.Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu ankagwiritsabe ntchito mwala wopera wachilengedwe kuti ugwirizane ndi ntchito yopera.
1. Chopukusira choyamba (1864) M’chaka cha 1864, dziko la United States linapanga chopukusira choyamba padziko lonse, chomwe ndi chipangizo chimene chimaika gudumu lopera pa chotengera cha slide cha lathe n’kuchipangitsa kukhala ndi makina otha kuulutsa.Patapita zaka 12, Brown wa ku United States anatulukira makina opukutira padziko lonse amene ali pafupi ndi makina opukutira amakono.
2. Mwala wopukutira - kubadwa kwa gudumu lopera (1892) Kufunika kwa miyala yopangira kugaya kumabukanso.Kodi mungapangire bwanji mwala wogaya womwe umatha kuvala kuposa mwala wachilengedwe?Mu 1892, American Acheson anakwanitsa kuyesa silicon carbide yopangidwa ndi coke ndi mchenga, yomwe ndi mwala wopangira kugaya womwe tsopano umatchedwa C abrasive;patatha zaka ziwiri, A abrasive yokhala ndi aluminiyamu monga gawo lalikulu lidapangidwa moyeserera.Kupambana, motere, makina opera agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwina kwa mayendedwe ndi njanji zowongolera, kulondola kwa chopukusira kunakula kwambiri, ndipo kudakula molunjika.Zopukutira zamkati, zopukutira pamwamba, zopukutira, zopukutira zida, zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi zina zambiri.
3. Makina obowola
1. Makina akale obowola - "uta ndi reel" pobowola teknoloji ali ndi mbiri yakale.Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza kuti chipangizo choboola mabowo chinapangidwa ndi anthu mu 4000 BC.Anthu akale ankaika mtengo pazipinda ziŵiri zowongoka, ndiyeno ankapachika mkondo wozungulira m’munsi kuchokera pamtengowo, ndiyeno amamanga m’chingwecho ndi chingwe cha uta kuti mphirayo izungulire, kotero kuti mabowo amakhomeredwa pamtengo ndi mwala.Posakhalitsa, anthu adapanganso chida chokhomerera chotchedwa "gudumu lodzigudubuza", chomwe chinagwiritsanso ntchito chingwe chotanuka kuti chizungulire.
2. Makina oyamba obowola (Whitworth, 1862) anali cha m'ma 1850, ndipo Martignoni waku Germany adapanga poyambira kubowola zitsulo;pa Chionetsero Chapadziko Lonse chomwe chinachitikira ku London, ku England mu 1862, bungwe la British Whitworth linasonyeza makina obowola opangidwa ndi zitsulo zoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu, zomwe zinakhala chitsanzo cha makina osindikizira amakono.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, makina obowola osiyanasiyana awonekera, kuphatikiza makina obowola ma radial, makina obowola okhala ndi njira zopangira chakudya, ndi makina obowola amitundu yambiri omwe amatha kubowola mabowo angapo nthawi imodzi.Chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwa zida ndi zida zobowola, komanso kuyambitsa makina amagetsi, makina osindikizira akuluakulu, otsogola kwambiri adapangidwa pomaliza pake.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-13-2022